What NAD+ is
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a coenzyme composed of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups: one bearing adenine, the other nicotinamide. It cycles between an oxidized form (NAD+) and a reduced form (NADH), and that cycling is the central electron-transfer currency of cellular metabolism.
Beyond redox chemistry, NAD+ is a consumed substrate rather than merely a cofactor for three enzyme families: the sirtuins, the PARPs, and the CD38/CD157 ectoenzymes. Because those enzymes cleave NAD+ rather than recycle it, cellular NAD+ has to be continuously resynthesized, and the balance between consumption and synthesis is what the ageing literature is about.[3]

